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\title[]{Precision Muon Tracking Detectors and Read-out Electronics for Operation at Very High Background Rates at Future Colliders}

\author[]{S.~Nowak \and O.~Kortner \and H.~Kroha \and R.~Richter \and K.~Schmidt-Sommerfeld \and Ph.~Schwegler}
\institute{Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Physik, Munich}
\date{Frontier Detectors for Frontier Physics - 13th Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors}

\begin{document}
	\begin{frame}
		\begin{columns}
			\begin{column}{0.49\textwidth}
				\parbox[t][\textheight]{\textwidth}{
					\begin{block}{\LARGE Motivation}
						\Large
						\begin{minipage}{0.96\textwidth}
							\begin{itemize}
								\item[\textbf{-}] The muon spectrometers of experiments at HL-LHC  at a Future Circular Hadron Collider (FCC-hh) require efficient muon tracking with very high spatial resolution (30-40 $\mu$m) at high background rates.
								\item[\textbf{-}] ATLAS Monitored Drift Tube (MDT) chambers have proven high reliability and high-precision tracking up to neutron and $\gamma$ fluxes of 500 $\frac{Hz}{cm^2}$.\\
% 								\item[\textbf{-}] Background rates: x 10 at HL-LHC and x 40 at FCC-hh than at LHC
								\item[\textbf{-}] Background rates at HL-LHC are x 10 and at FCC x 40 than at LHC
								\item[\textbf{-}] sMDT chambers are very well suited large area muon tracking at FCC experiments.
								\item[\textbf{-}] Like the ATLAS MDT chambers for HL-LHC, sMDT chambers can also be used for high selective Level-1 muon triggers at FCC.
							\end{itemize}
						\end{minipage}
					\end{block}

					\begin{block}{\LARGE sMDT chambers}
					\Large
							\begin{minipage}{0.96\textwidth}
								\vspace{-2cm}
								\begin{columns}
									\begin{column}{0.47\textwidth}
										\begin{center}
% 											\hspace{-3cm}
											\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{mdt_and_smdt_tube_end}
										\end{center}
										\hspace{23mm}\resizebox{1.8cm}{!}{$\diameter$}30\,mm MDT\hspace{10mm}\resizebox{1.8cm}{!}{$\diameter$}15\,mm sMDT
% 										\vspace{2.5cm} 
										\vfill
									\end{column}
% 									\begin{column}{0.01\textwidth}
% 									\end{column}
									\begin{column}{0.52\textwidth}
										\vspace{0.8cm}\\
										\textbf{MDT chambers:}\\ Drift tube detectors with 30\,mm tube diameter for precision tracking in the ATLAS Muon Spectrometer\\
										\vspace{0.5cm}
										\textbf{sMDT chambers:}\\ New drift tube detectors with 15\,mm tube diameter
									\end{column}
								\end{columns}
								\vspace{0.2cm}
								\textbf{sMDT tube properties:}
								\vspace{-1.0cm}
								\begin{columns}
% 									\begin{column}{0.01\textwidth}
% 									\end{column}
									\begin{column}{0.55\textwidth}
										\includegraphics[width=0.80\textwidth]{resolution_curves}
									\end{column}
									\begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
										\begin{itemize}
											\item[$\Rightarrow$] Operated with Ar:CO$_2$ (93:7) at a gas gain of 20000
											\item[$\Rightarrow$] 185 ns maximum drift time
											\item[$\Rightarrow$] 8 times lower occupancy compared to MDT chambers
											\item[$\Rightarrow$] Space charge effects strongly suppressed, gain loss $\sim R^3$\\
											\item[$\Rightarrow$] \textbf{An order of magnitude higher rate capability than MDT chambers} with existing MDT read-out electronics
										\end{itemize}
									\end{column}
								\end{columns}
							\end{minipage}
					\end{block}
					\vfill
					\vfill
					\vspace{25.5cm}
					\vfill
				}
				\vfill
			\end{column}
			\begin{column}{0.49\textwidth}
				\begin{block}{\LARGE Dr. Hubert Kroha}
					\begin{columns}
						\begin{column}{0.05\textwidth}
						\end{column}
						\begin{column}{0.2\textwidth}
							\includegraphics[width=0.93\textwidth]{Hubert}
						\end{column}
						\begin{column}{0.73\textwidth}
							\Large
							Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Physik\\
							F\"ohringer Ring 6\\
							80805 Munich\\
							Germany\\
							kroha@mpp.mpg.de
						\end{column}
					\end{columns}
				\end{block}
				\begin{block}{\LARGE Limitation of sMDT performance due to signal pile-up with bipolar shaping of the read-out electronics}
				\begin{minipage}{0.96\linewidth}
					\Large
						\vspace{2cm}
					\begin{itemize}
						\item[\textbf{-}] Bipolar shaping used to guarantee baseline stability at high rates
% 						\vspace{1.5cm}
						\item[\textbf{-}] Disadvantage: overlap of signals with the bipolar undershoot of preceding background pulses lead to deterioration of the efficiency and spatial resolution of muon pulses
					\end{itemize}
 					\hspace{2.5cm}
					\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{pile_up}\\
					\begin{tikzpicture}[overlay]
						\node[text width=15cm, color=red] at (35,13) {Muon};
						\node[text width=25cm, color=blue] at (26,14) {$\gamma$-background};
					\end{tikzpicture}
				\end{minipage}
		\end{block}
				\begin{block}{\LARGE Improvement: Bipolar shaping with baseline restoration}
			\begin{minipage}{0.96\linewidth}
				\Large
				\textbf{Principle of baseline restorer (working point $I_{Base}$)}
				\begin{columns}
					\begin{column}{0.29\textwidth}
						\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{blr_diode}
					\end{column}
% 					\begin{column}{0.35\textwidth}
% 						\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{blr_explain}
% 					\end{column}
					\begin{column}{0.68\textwidth}
						\begin{itemize}
							\item[\textbf{-}] Diode is non-conducting for positive signal polarity
							$\Rightarrow$ signal stays unchanged
							\vspace{0.8cm}
							\item[\textbf{-}] Diode is conducting for negative polarity (undershoot) $\Rightarrow$ input current drained to ground
							\item[$\Rightarrow$] \textbf{Undershoot eliminated}
						\end{itemize}
					\end{column}
				\end{columns}
			\end{minipage}
		\end{block}
			\end{column}
		\end{columns}
	\end{frame}

		\begin{frame}
		\begin{columns}
			\begin{column}{0.49\textwidth}
				\begin{block}{\LARGE Bipolar shaping circuit with baseline restoration}
					\begin{minipage}{0.96\linewidth}
						\Large
						\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{ASBC}
							\begin{itemize}
								\item[\textbf{-}] High bandwidth (700 MHz) transimpedance amplifier (PreAmp)
								\item[\textbf{-}] Bipolar shaping circuit (2 filter stages) with baseline restoration and comparator with LVDS output to TDC (as MDT read-out chip)
							\end{itemize}
						\end{minipage}
					\end{block}
					\begin{block}{\LARGE Bipolar shaped pulses with baseline restoration}
						\begin{minipage}{0.96\linewidth}
							\vspace{0.5cm}
							\hspace{2.5cm}
							\includegraphics[width=0.80\textwidth]{muon_elec_shaped_blr}
							\vspace{0.5cm}
							\Large
							\begin{itemize}
								\item[\textbf{-}] $\gamma$-pulses push shaper in saturation (larger signals with longer undershoot compared to muon pulses)
								\item[\textbf{-}] Clear undershoot suppression with baseline restoration
							\end{itemize}
						\end{minipage}
					\end{block}
				\end{column}
				\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
					\begin{block}{\LARGE sMDT single-tube resolution under $\gamma$ irradiation (GIF/CERN)}
						\begin{minipage}{0.96\linewidth}
							\centering
							\Large
							\includegraphics[width=0.65\textwidth]{resolution_vs_rate_smdt_mdt-7}\\
							\begin{tikzpicture}[overlay]
								\node[text width=15cm, color=black] at (-3,22) {MDT};
								\node[text width=25cm, color=red] at (20,22) {sMDT};
								\node[text width=25cm, color=blue] at (15,16) {sMDT with BLR};
								\draw[color = black,->, line width = 8 pt] (10,20.8) to (10,18.5);
							\end{tikzpicture}
							\vspace{-4cm}
							\begin{itemize}
								\item[\textbf{-}] sMDT resolution limited at high counting rates by signal pile-up effects of the electronics, in contrast to MDTs where space charge effects dominate 
								\item[\textbf{-}] Suppression of signal pile-up effects with baseline restoration 
							\end{itemize}
						\end{minipage}
				\end{block}
					\begin{block}{\LARGE sMDT single-tube muon efficiency}
						\begin{minipage}{0.96\linewidth}
							\centering
							\Large
							\includegraphics[width=0.65\textwidth]{efficiency_vs_rate_smdt_mdt-7}\\
							\begin{tikzpicture}[overlay]
								\node[text width=15cm, color=black] at (25,13) {MDT};
								\node[text width=15cm, color=red] at (25,17) {sMDT};
								\node[text width=15cm, color=blue] at (25,19) {sMDT + BLR};
								\node[text width=15cm, color=violet] at (25,22) {sMDT + BLR + short dead time};
								\draw[color = red,<-, line width = 8 pt] (13,17.5) to (13,13.8);
								\draw[color = blue,<-, line width = 8 pt] (13,19) to (13,17.6);
								\draw[color = violet,<-, line width = 8 pt] (13,20.8) to (13,19.1);
							\end{tikzpicture}
							\vspace{-4cm}
							\begin{itemize}
								\item[\textbf{-}] At high counting rates limited by read-out electronics
								\item[\textbf{-}] Use of minimum electronics dead time possible for sMDTs
								\item[\textbf{-}] Suppression of signal pile-up effects at short dead times with baseline restoration 
							\end{itemize}
						\end{minipage}
				\end{block}
			\end{column}
		\end{columns}
	\end{frame}
	
	\begin{frame}
		\begin{columns}
			\begin{column}{0.48\textwidth}
				\begin{block}{\LARGE MDT and sMDT occupancies at HL-LHC and maximum FCC-hh luminosity}
					\begin{minipage}{0.96\linewidth}
						\Large
						\vspace{1.5cm}
						Occupancies of \color{blue} MDT \color{black} and \color{red} sMDT \color{black} tubes at maximum FCC luminosity in the ATLAS geometry (ATLAS operating parameters and tube lengths)\\
						\vspace{0.5cm}
						\begin{columns}
							\begin{column}{0.9\textwidth}
								\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{future_rates}
							\end{column}
							\begin{column}{0.1\textwidth}
							\end{column}
						\end{columns}
						\vspace{2.5cm}
						\textbf{Background rates in muon system}\\
						ATLAS at LHC design luminosity $\rightarrow$ x 10 at HL-LHC $\rightarrow$ x 4 at FCC-hh\\
						(MDT: max. 500 $\frac{Hz}{cm^2}$, max. 30\% occupancy)
						\vspace{1cm}
						\begin{itemize}
							\item[\textbf{-}] Maximum sMDT occupancy at FCC is half of the MDT occupancy at HL-LHC
							\item[\textbf{-}] FCC detectors not limited to ATLAS operating parameters and geometry\\
							$\Rightarrow$ Further optimisation of tube parameters and read-out electronics
						\end{itemize}
						\vspace{1cm}
					\end{minipage}
				\end{block}
			\end{column}
			\begin{column}{0.48\textwidth}
					\begin{block}{\LARGE sMDT design and construction}
						\begin{minipage}{0.96\linewidth}
						\Large
							\begin{itemize}
								\item[\textbf{-}] sMDT chamber design and assembly procedures optimized for mass production
								\vspace{0.5cm}
								\item[\textbf{-}] Simple and cheap drift tube design with high reliability
								\vspace{0.5cm}
								\item[\textbf{-}] Special plastic materials selected to prevent outgassing                                                             and cracking
								\vspace{0.5cm}
								\item[\textbf{-}] Industrial standard Al tubes
								\vspace{0.5cm}
								\item[\textbf{-}] Wire positioning accuracy better than 10 $\mu$m
								\vspace{0.5cm}
								\item[\textbf{-}] No wire aging observed up to 9 $\frac{C}{cm}$ charge on wire (15 x ATLAS requirement)
							\end{itemize}
							\vspace{3cm}
							\centering
							\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{end-plug3}\\
							\includegraphics[width=0.92\textwidth]{end-plug}\\
					\end{minipage}
				\end{block}
			\end{column}
		\end{columns}
	\end{frame}

	\begin{frame}
		\begin{columns}
			\begin{column}{0.48\textwidth}
				\begin{block}{\LARGE sMDT Chamber Construction}
					\begin{minipage}{0.96\linewidth}
						\centering
						\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{clean-room3}\\
							\begin{tikzpicture}[overlay]
								\node[text width=23cm, font = \LARGE, color=black] at (15,6) {Construction of a sMDT chamber already installed in ATLAS};
							\end{tikzpicture}\\
						\Large
						\begin{itemize}
							\item[\textbf{-}] Semi-automated drift-tube production and chamber assembly take place in a air-conditioned clean room
							\vspace{0.5cm}
							\item[\textbf{-}] Automated testing of tube leakage rate, leakage current and wire tension
							\vspace{0.5cm}
							\item[\textbf{-}] 2 sMDT chambers already installed in the ATLAS detector
							\vspace{0.5cm}
							\item[\textbf{-}] Additional 12 (16) sMDT chambers under construction until 2016 (2018) 
						\end{itemize}
				\end{minipage}
		\end{block}

			\end{column}
			\begin{column}{0.49\textwidth}
				\begin{block}{\Large Tube positioning using precisely machined jigs}
					\Large
					\begin{columns}
						\begin{column}{0.35\textwidth}
							\vspace{-12cm}\\
							\centering
							3D coordinate measurement\\
							\vspace{1cm}
							\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{meas}
							\vfill
						\end{column}
						\begin{column}{0.63\textwidth}
							\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{BMG}\\
						\end{column}
					\end{columns}
					\begin{tikzpicture}[overlay]
						\node (label) at (11,6){
							\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{precision}};
							\node[text width=28cm, color=red] at (13.8,-0.5) {Residual distribution of horizontal and vertical coordinates ($\sigma<10\mu m$)};
					\end{tikzpicture}\\
% 					Die Residual-Verteilungen  der horizontalen z und der vertikalen y Koordinaten (angeben)
% der gemessenen Drahtpositionen relativ zum nominellen Drahtgitter
					\vspace{0.5cm}
					\Large
						\vspace{2cm}
						\begin{itemize}
							\item[\textbf{-}] Wire positioning accuracy is reached due to tube external reference surface and high precisely machined jigs.
							\vspace{0.5cm}
							\item[\textbf{-}] Wire positioning accuracy better than 10 $\mu$m (most precise chambers so far)
							\item[\textbf{-}] Chamber assembly is conducted within one working day
						\end{itemize}
				\end{block}
				\begin{block}{\LARGE Summary}
					\Large
					\begin{itemize}
						\item[\textbf{-}] sMDT chambers are a well suited for high-accuracy large area muon tracking at high background levels as required for max. luminosity at the FCC.
						\item[\textbf{-}] The high reliability of the MDT and sMDT chambers has been proven in ATLAS.
						\item[\textbf{-}] An order of magnitude smaller occupancies of sMDT compared to MDT chambers.
						\item[\textbf{-}] Space charge effects are strongly suppressed for sMDT tubes.
						\item[\textbf{-}] Performance of sMDT tubes can be further increased by optimised read-out electronics.
					\end{itemize}
				\end{block}
			\end{column}
		\end{columns}
	\end{frame}
	
	
% 	\begin{frame}
% 		\begin{columns}
% 			\begin{column}{0.49\textwidth}
% 				\parbox[t][\textheight]{\textwidth}{%
% 					%MDTs and sMDTs
% 					\begin{block}{\LARGE MDT and sMDT Chambers}
% 					\Large
% 							\begin{minipage}{0.96\textwidth}
% 								\begin{columns}
% 									\begin{column}{0.47\textwidth}
% 										\begin{center}
% % 											\hspace{-3cm}
% 											\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{mdt_and_smdt_tube_end}
% 										\end{center}
% 										\hspace{28mm}$\diameter$30\,mm MDT\hspace{25mm}$\diameter$15\,mm sMDT
% % 										\vspace{2.5cm} 
% 										\vfill
% 									\end{column}
% 									\hfill
% 									\begin{column}{0.47\textwidth}
% 										\textbf{Assembled sMDT chamber}\\
% 										\vspace{0.5cm} 
% 										\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{sMDT_chamber}
% 									\end{column}
% 								\end{columns}
% 								\vspace{4.0cm}
% 								\textbf{MDT chambers:}\\ drift tube detectors with 30\,mm tube diameter accounting for the majority of precision tracking chambers in the ATLAS Muon Spectrometer\\
% 								\vspace{0.1cm}\\
% 								\textbf{sMDT chambers:}\\ newly developed drift tube detectors with 15\,mm tube diameter
% 								\vspace{0.5cm}
% 								\begin{columns}
% 									\begin{column}{0.01\textwidth}
% 									\end{column}
% 									\begin{column}{0.55\textwidth}
% 										\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{resolution_curves}
% 									\end{column}
% 									\begin{column}{0.42\textwidth}
% 											Space charge effects:\\
% 											\hspace{1cm} $\sim R^3$ for $\gamma$\\
% 											\hspace{1cm} $\sim R^4$ for charged particles\\
% 											\vspace{1cm}
% 											$\Rightarrow$ sMDT rate capability almost an order of magnitude higher for sMDT compared to MDT tubes
% 									\end{column}
% 								\end{columns}
% 							\vspace{1cm}
% 							\hspace{3cm}
% 							\textbf{Space charge effects are strongly mitigated in sMDT chambers}
% 							\vspace{0.7cm}
% 							\end{minipage}
% 					\end{block}
% 					\vfill
% 					\vfill
% 					\vspace{5.5cm}
% 					\vfill
% 				}
% 				\vfill
% 			\end{column}
% 			\begin{column}{0.49\textwidth}
% 				\vspace{-0.8cm}
% 					\begin{block}{\LARGE Occupancies at Maximum FCC Luminosity\\ (ATLAS Geometry)}
% 							\begin{minipage}{0.96\linewidth}
% 								\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{future_rates}
% 										\vspace{1cm}
% 										\LARGE
% 										Maximum sMDT occupancy at FCC is half the MDT occupancy at HL-LHC
% 							\end{minipage}
% 					\end{block}
% 					\begin{block}{\LARGE Dr. Hubert Kroha}
% 						\begin{columns}
% 							\begin{column}{0.05\textwidth}
% 							\end{column}
% 							\begin{column}{0.2\textwidth}
% 								\includegraphics[width=0.93\textwidth]{Hubert}
% 							\end{column}
% 							\begin{column}{0.73\textwidth}
% 								\Large
% 								Max-Planck-Institute for Physics\\
% 								F\"ohringer Ring 6\\
% 								80805 M\"unchen\\
% 								kroha@mpp.mpg.de
% 							\end{column}
% 						\end{columns}
% 					\end{block}
% 			\end{column}
% 		\end{columns}
% 	\end{frame}
% 	
% 	\begin{frame}
% 		\begin{block}{\LARGE sMDT Design}
% 			\begin{minipage}{0.96\linewidth}
% 				\vspace{0.5cm}
% 				\Large
% 				\begin{columns}[T]
% 					\begin{column}{0.3\textwidth}
% 						\vspace{2cm}
% 						\LARGE
%  						\textbf{End-plug}\\
% 						\vspace{2cm}
% 						\includegraphics[width=1.\textwidth]{end-plug2}\\
% 					\end{column}
% 					\begin{column}{0.02\textwidth}
% 					\end{column}
% 					\begin{column}{0.65\textwidth}
% 						\LARGE
% 						\vspace{4cm}
% 						\begin{itemize}
% 							\item[\textbf{-}] sMDT chamber design and assembly procedures optimized for mass production
% 							\vspace{1cm}
% 							\item[\textbf{-}] Simple and cheap drift tube design with high reliability
% 							\vspace{1cm}
% 							\item[\textbf{-}] Special plastic materials selected to prevent outgassing                                                             and cracking
% 							\vspace{1cm}
% 							\item[\textbf{-}] Industrial standard Al tubes
% 							\vspace{1cm}
% 							\item[\textbf{-}] Wire positioning accuracy better than 10 $\mu$m
% 						\end{itemize}
% 					\end{column}
% 				\end{columns}
% 			\end{minipage}
% 		\end{block}
% 		\vfill
% 		\begin{block}{\LARGE sMDT Chamber Construction}
% 			\begin{minipage}{0.96\linewidth}
% 				\begin{columns}[T]
% % 					\begin{column}{0.01\textwidth}
% % 					\end{column}
% 					\begin{column}{0.28\textwidth}
% 						\LARGE
% 						\vspace{3.0cm}
% 						\begin{itemize}
% 							\item[\textbf{-}] Semi-automated drift-tube production and chamber assembly take place in a air-conditioned clean room
% 							\vspace{1.4cm}
% 							\item[\textbf{-}] Automated testing of tube leakage rate, leakage current and wire tension
% 							\vspace{1.4cm}
% 							\item[\textbf{-}] 2 sMDT chambers already installed in the ATLAS detector
% 						\end{itemize}
% 					\end{column}
% 					\begin{column}{0.28\textwidth}
% 						\centering
% 					\vspace{1.5cm}
% 					\textbf{Tube positioning using precisely machined jigs}\\
% 					\vspace{2cm}
% 					\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{BMG}\\
% 					\vspace{0.5cm}
% 				\end{column}
% 				\begin{column}{0.4\textwidth}
% 						\centering
% 						\vspace{0.2cm}
% 						\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{clean-room2}\\
% 				\end{column}
% 			\end{columns}
% 			\LARGE
% 			\begin{columns}[T]
% 				\begin{column}{0.66\textwidth}
% 					\begin{itemize}
% 						\item[\textbf{-}] Additional 12 (16) sMDT chambers under construction until 2016 (2018) 
% 					\end{itemize}
% 				\end{column}
% 				\begin{column}{0.3\textwidth}
% 				\end{column}
% 			\end{columns}
% 			\vspace{0.3cm}
% 		\end{minipage}
% 		\end{block}
% 	\end{frame}
% 
% 	\begin{frame}
% 		\begin{block}{\LARGE Limitation of Present sMDT Read-Out Electronics}
% 			\small{
% 				\begin{minipage}{0.96\linewidth}
% 					\vspace{0.5cm}
% 					\begin{columns}
% 						\begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
% 							\Large
% 							\hspace{1.5cm}
% 							\textbf{Signal Pile-Up of Closely Spaced Hits}\\
% 							\vspace{0.5cm}
% 							\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{pile_up}
% 						\end{column}
% 						\begin{column}{0.55\textwidth}
% 							\Large
% 							\begin{itemize}
% 								\item[\textbf{-}] Bipolar shaping used to guarantee baseline stability at high rates
% 								\vspace{1.5cm}
% 								\item[\textbf{-}] Disadvantage: long overshoot at the end of each signal\\
% 								$\Rightarrow$ Effectively higher threshold and increased dead time for subsequent hits
% 								\vspace{1.5cm}
% 								\item[\textbf{-}] Want to operate with short dead time to maintain high efficiency at high rates\\ $\Rightarrow$ strong influence of undershoot
% 							\end{itemize}
% 						\end{column}
% 					\end{columns}
% 				\end{minipage}
% 			}
% 		\end{block}
% 		\vfill
% 		\begin{block}{\LARGE Solution: Shaping Circuit With Baseline Restoration}
% 			\begin{minipage}{0.96\linewidth}
% 				\begin{columns}
% 					\begin{column}{0.63\textwidth}
% 						\centering
% 						\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{ASBC}\\
% 					\end{column}
% 					\begin{column}{0.35\textwidth}
% 						\Large
% 						\begin{itemize}
% 							\item[\textbf{-}] High bandwidth (700 MHz) transimpedance amplifier (PreAmp)
% 							\item[\textbf{-}] Discrete bipolar shaping circuit (2 filter stages) with baseline 						\item[\textbf{-}] Comparator with LVDS output for connection with Time-to-Digital Converter
% 							\end{itemize}
% 						\end{column}
% 				\end{columns}
% 				\vspace{1.6cm}
% 				\Large
% 				\textbf{Principle of baseline restorer}
% 				\begin{columns}
% 					\begin{column}{0.2\textwidth}
% 						\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{blr_diode}
% 					\end{column}
% 					\begin{column}{0.35\textwidth}
% 						\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{blr_explain}
% 					\end{column}
% 					\begin{column}{0.42\textwidth}
% 						\begin{itemize}
% 							\item[\textbf{-}] Diode slightly conducting at working point ($I_{Base}$)
% 							\vspace{2.0cm}
% 							\item[\textbf{-}] Diode is non-conducting for positive (desired signal) polarity
% 							$\Rightarrow$ signal stays unchanged
% 							\vspace{2.0cm}
% 							\item[\textbf{-}] Diode is conducting for negative (undesired signal) polarity $\Rightarrow$ signal is pulled to baseline
% 						\end{itemize}
% 					\end{column}
% 				\end{columns}
% 			\end{minipage}
% 		\end{block}
% 	\end{frame}
% 	
% 	\begin{frame}
% 		\begin{columns}
% 			\begin{column}{0.49\textwidth}
% 				\begin{block}{\LARGE Bipolar shaped muon and gamma pulse with BLR}
% 					\begin{minipage}{0.96\linewidth}
% 						\hspace{2cm}
% 						\includegraphics[width=1.00\textwidth]{muon_elec_shaped_blr}
% 						\vspace{2cm}
% 						\Large
% 						\begin{itemize}
% 							\item[\textbf{-}] Due to the discrete circuit, the amplified signal before and after the signal shaping can be measured in parallel
% 							\vspace{1cm}
% 							\item[\textbf{-}] Baseline restoration leads to a clear suppression of the bipolar undershoot
% 							\vspace{1cm}
% 							\item[\textbf{-}] The diode used in the baseline restorer causes a slightly smaller pulse amplitude compared to shaping without baseline restoration
% 						\end{itemize}
% 						\vspace{3.5cm}
% 					\end{minipage}
% 				\end{block}
% 			\end{column}
% 			\begin{column}{0.49\textwidth}
% 				\begin{block}{\LARGE sMDT Performance Under Gamma Irradiation}
% 						\begin{minipage}{0.96\linewidth}
% 							\centering
% 							\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{resolution_vs_rate_smdt_mdt-7}\\
% 							\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{efficiency_vs_rate_smdt_mdt-7}
% 							\Large
% 							\vspace{1cm}
% 							\begin{itemize}
% 								\item[\textbf{-}] Measurements show huge improvement in terms of rate capability for sMDT compared to MDT drift tubes in both spatial resolution and muon efficiency
% 								\vspace{1cm}
% 								\item[\textbf{-}] Baseline restoration suppresses the pile-up effects and, therefore, avoids resolution and efficiency degradation at high counting rates
% 							\end{itemize}
% 						\end{minipage}
% 				\end{block}
% 			\end{column}
% 		\end{columns}
% 	\end{frame}
\end{document}

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